Management - 1132 Words

Practicing Project Management: A Case Study, 2005 BWF-HHMI Course in Scientific Management The ability to allocate resources to achieve a goal is the hallmark of project management. This case study is designed to help you practice the allocation of resources in project management and identify the effects of resource allocation on achieving specific goals. Read through and complete this case study, and examine the final outcome to understand the potential problems and pitfalls that can occur in projects. Through these types of exercises and personal experience you will build an experience base of skills that will help you better manage your own research laboratory. Statement of Work: Background. You are an Assistant†¦show more content†¦Bob’s Brain Foundation, the group funding your brain tumor research, decides to perform a review of your program. To keep funding you need to show significant progress. You need your â€Å"best† people doing the ongoing lab work. Modify your available resources to best accomplish you goals. You may also change your scope projects, just realize it is a â€Å"bit late in the game† to be changing scope projects. ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ Name Person Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Scope 4 Scope 5 Ongoing Lab Work 1 Ongoing Lab Work 2 Chia-Ling Graduate student Poor ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ Poor ï  ¯ Poor ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Suzanne Post-doc Poor ï  ¯ Poor ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Poor ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Hortence Post-doc Best ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ Poor ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ Pradip Post-doc Adequate ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ Poor ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Best ï  ¯ Adequate ï  ¯ More Things Happen! Ongoing events affect your final productivity. Hortence is sick and cannot complete her assigned tasks her productivity goes from â€Å"Best† to â€Å"Adequate†, or from â€Å"Adequate† to â€Å"Poor† depending on the task she has been assigned. DO NOT make any additional changes to the table. Copy your previous results onto the new table and calculate your point score. Final productivity ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ ï  ¯ Name Person Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Scope 4 Scope 5 Ongoing Lab Work 1 Ongoing Lab Work 2Show MoreRelatedManagement : Management And Management1504 Words   |  7 Pagesassuring an organization to be able to run smoothly is called as Management. Managers are capable to make decisions that will impact an organization in every phase. These decisions vary from employing new staff to taking a company public. Management is not an easy task, and good managers are highly respected. Management is like investment. Its main purpose is to extract the most out of every resource available in the organization. Management can be called as achieving targets in such a way that all theRead MoreManagement : Management And Management Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagesproposals, and compliance training must meet the standards and requirements of both organizational structures, requiring Mr. Aranda to be fluent in both organizational cultures. Mr. Aranda was chosen for this project due to my observance of his management capabilities over the past twelve years. Mr. Aranda was an engineering technician who then earned a BS in business, resulting in being promoted to Engineering Manager, which enabled me to observe his triumphs and failures, and watch the evolutionRead MoreManagement Theory Of Management And Management937 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen used in company management. However, management of company could not be effective if only rely on theories. In fact, a good company development requires not only suitable theories selection but also consistency with practice in appropriate organization environment. Further, a company’s successful also need team work, creatively to together process. This essay focuses on how to make the company management effectively with some cases. There is no doubt that theory of management plays an importantRead MoreThe Theory Of Management And Management1690 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Management is one of the remarkable activities within human society began with a group or to an larger organization that are able to accomplish a same goals and objectives, by defining what is management and how is important to human being society many management theorists have produces (many models that can be used for successful organization change and winners respond to the past and complexity of change and adapt learn and act quickly (Mildred,G. Sonia T. 2008 ) different theoriesRead MoreLeadership, Management And Management1081 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership and Management Businesses require some sort of hierarchy of power to be successful. They cannot operate on the basis that everyone has the same job level if they plan to make a profit. However, the individuals that are placed in the higher power positions fall into two categories, leaders and managers. Many would say these are the same thing, when in reality they are not. They are two different styles that are used when operating a business and using the right one at the right time isRead MoreLeadership, Management, And Management876 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Management Name Institutional Affiliation Leadership and Management The achievements of organizations depend on their management and the manner in which their leaders conduct several operations within the organization. It is worth mentioning that successful organizations attribute their positive impacts in the market and general employee-employer relation to the influence spearheaded by the management team (Hiriyappa, 2013). This paper narrows down to evaluateRead MoreManagement And Functions Of Management1063 Words   |  5 PagesManagement in business and associations is the capacity that facilitates the endeavors of individuals to achieve objectives and targets utilizing accessible assets proficiently and adequately. Management includes planning, arranging, staffing, heading or steering, and controlling an association to achieve the objective. Resourcing includes the arrangement and control of human assets, budgetary assets, innovative assets, and regular assets. Administration is additionally a scholarly teach, a socialRead MoreQuality Management : Management And Management932 Words   |  4 Pageslines, it became more commonly understood that quality management may help organizations to repeat work less often, as the initial product or service that was delivered, was of a higher caliber, resulting favorably for the company as well as for the client. Quality management has now become a more regularly used practice throughout all phases of projects, allowing project managers to operate with a clear, defined process, and letting upper management determine if work should stop short for the sake ofRead MoreThe Concept Of Management And Management1147 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept of MANAGEMENT different or what is exactly the reason that some organizations have great success while others suffering many types of failures? I came to release how far is the difference in a concept of Management in organizations that are operating nowadays around the world. It is controversy issue and a subject for discussion. The concept of Management is wider subject but we are going to focus on two notable aspects, which have the most obvious part of the diversities in management. TheseRead MoreLeadership, Management, And Management1270 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and management are different. Leadership is the position a person holds as an administrative leader such as CEO-Chief Executive Officer. Management is the act of managing a business which consists of a body of people in positions of administrative authority. Business management consists of officers, directors and other people who have the authority of the business operation, organizations, duties, and work to be done. In management, emphasis is on delivering high quality products and

Walking Dead Syndrome Free Essays

string(91) " or created something of extreme value or think they have a â€Å"special mission†\." THE WALKING DEAD SYNDROME English 150 Instructor: S. Jone November 7, 2011 The Walking Dead Syndrome Introduction The Walking Dead syndrome is considered a rare disease. I believe everyone in this existence has a purpose on this vast place we call earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Walking Dead Syndrome or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, there are people diagnosed with a syndrome who believe they have no soul or convinced themselves they are dead. The â€Å"Walking Dead Syndrome† is also commonly known as â€Å"Cotard’s Syndrome†. In this paper, I will refer this syndrome as â€Å"Cotard’s syndrome†. Cotard’s syndrome is linked with other mental illnesses which could explain a person’s state of mind of feeling non-existent in society. I will further discuss eight aspects of this syndrome: defining the Walking Dead Syndrome, defining mental illness, description of several mental illnesses associated with this syndrome, classifications of Cotard’s syndrome, analysis of patients, diagnosis of syndrome, and types of treatments available for patients. Defining Walking Dead Syndrome or Cotard’s Syndrome Many people I discussed this topic with never heard of the â€Å"Walking Dead Syndrome†. The Walking Dead Syndrome was first created by French neurologist, Jules Cotard, hence, named the â€Å"Cotard’s Syndrome†. He was a French neurologist who first described this psychiatric condition. First reference to the syndrome was made in the year 1880, when Jules Cotard gave a lecture in Paris. In this lecture, he described various degrees of the syndrome, while he said that a person who resorts to despair and self-hatred begins in the early stages of this disorder. With deterioration, the person might go to the extent of denying the very existence of himself or herself. There are detached from the sense of existence of self (â€Å"Cotard Syndrome† 2010). Patients portray themselves similar to the concept of â€Å"zombies†. Hollywood has portrayed horror and science fiction based movies on â€Å"zombies† or the â€Å"walking dead†. In the movies, zombies are typically mean and fond of human flesh, they groan and cannot talk, have incredible strength, and display rotting flesh. A zombie is physically identical to a normal human being, but completely lacks conscious experience. If we suddenly lost our minds, or consciousness our bodies might continue to run on for a while, our hearts might continue to beat, we might breathe while asleep and digest food. But without the contribution made by minds, behavior could not show characteristically human features. In the Urban Dictionary, 1999-2011, a zombie is defined â€Å"as deceased human being who has partially returned to life due to undeterminable causes. The brain retains base facilities, namely gross motor function. In its near-mindless state, it grasps no remains of emotion, personality, or sensation of pain. In rare cases, some of the reanimated have reflexively preformed routine activities from their past lives†. The people diagnosed with Walking Dead Syndrome have similar portrayals including not having internal organs and smelling of rotting flesh. A hypothetical analogy can be explained when most of us have woken up after a really good night out. Our first drive in the morning was motivated by a desire for food and coffee. If we as a society experience a chemical or radiological contamination, we might be experiencing the hangover from hell. Our higher thought would be destroyed, the neural system would be degraded, and leave just the body running on its primary functions. Defining Mental Illness Since the beginning of man, I think there has been mental illness, and chemical imbalance generates a huge part, and some people just do not have the ability to use parts of their brain for reason and logic. According to to Sorrentino, Wilk, and Newmaster (2009), a mental illness can be: â€Å"caused by a combination of genetic, biological, personality, and environmental factors, is a disturbance in a person’s ability to cope with or adjust to stress; the person’s thinking, mood, and behaviours are affected, and functioning is impaired †¦mental illnesses affect people of all ages, culture, and educational and income levels. The onset of most mental illnesses occurs during adolescence and young adulthood† (p. 641). Most mental illnesses are brought on by the stresses of life, money, property, and consumption. Having a mental illness varies from person to person and if you cannot go about your day as you normally would due to a condition then it is a mental illness. An example would be having an â€Å"anxiety disorder†, and if you cannot leave your house anymore due to petrifying fear, then there is clearly a problem. Unless of course you cannot recognize that you are having problems and you are posing a threat to yourself or others, then you can be forcibly placed under the guidance of a psychologist. Mental illness can be contributed to either biological, psychological, and environmental factors. The biological factors can be attributed to genetics or â€Å"mental disorders tend to run in families, suggesting a hereditary factor†¦the number of close relatives a person has who suffer from depression or other mood disorders is the best predictor of the likelihood that the individual will develop a mood disorder† (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009, p. 385). In addition, psychological aspects can be contributed to emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and the environmental causes can be defined as a person living in poverty or substance abuse. Mental Illnesses Associated with Cotard’s Syndrome People diagnosed with the â€Å"Cotard’s Syndrome† have been treated for a mental illness or combination of bi-polar, delusions, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder, to name a few. The major mental illnesses are painful, pervasive, disruptive and usually disabling. Firstly, a â€Å"bi-polar disorder† is defined as â€Å"a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function† (Sorrentino, Wilk, Newsmaster, 2009, p. 651). Whereas, â€Å"delusions† are the â€Å"false beliefs that are firmly held† (Purse, 2011). An example is a person who has grandeur delusions or has paranoid tendencies. In the grandiose subtype, the person is convinced that he has some great talent or has made some important discovery, they have an inflated sense of self-worth. In addition, their delusions center on their own importance, such as believing that they have done or created something of extreme value or think they have a â€Å"special mission†. You read "Walking Dead Syndrome" in category "Papers" There is reference to another type of delusion known as â€Å"nihilistic delusions†. This type of delusion describes a person â€Å"focused on the individual’s body, including loss of body parts, being dead, or not existing at all† (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, Audenaert, 2011). Furthermore, Cotard syndrome created a new type of depression which â€Å"is described as anxious melancholia, ideas of damnation or rejection, insensitivity to pain, delusions or nonexistence concerning one’s own body, and delusions of immorality† (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, Audenaert, 2011). This type of delusion is a major attribute of Cotard’s syndrome. Thirdly, â€Å"schizophrenia† which â€Å"is an extremely complex mental health disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbances in thinking, and withdrawal from social activity† (Sorrentino, Wilk, Newsmaster, 2009, p. 55). News and entertainment media tend to link mental illnesses including schizophrenia to criminal violence. Most people with schizophrenia, however, are not violent toward others but are withdrawn and prefer to be left alone. Lastly, â€Å"schizoaffective disorder† is described as a â€Å"person having symptoms of both schizophrenic and bipolar disorde r† (Purse, 2006). Some disorders will cause parts of the brain to stop performing their normal functions. These can leave people out of control and disoriented (not knowing what they themselves are doing). Classifications of Cotard’s Syndrome In its early stages, Cotard’s syndrome is characterized by vague feeling of anxiety with a varying time span from weeks to years. This anxious state gradually augments and can result in nihilistic delusions where denial of life or denial of body parts are the prominent features. The patient loses sense of reality. Despite the delusion of being dead, these patients show an increased tendency to automutilation (self harm) or suicidal behaviour. (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, and Audenaert, 2011). A case studying involving 100 patients, in Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, and Audenaert, (2009) reveal three types of Cotard’s syndrome. The first is a form of â€Å"psychotic depression† in which anxiety, melanchonlia, delusions of guilt, and auditory hallucinations are the more prominent features. The second class is â€Å"Cotard’s syndrome Type I†, which is associated with hypochondriac and nihilistic delusions. The third type is â€Å"Cotard’s syndrome Type II†, which includes anxiety, depression, delusions of immortality, nihilistic delusions and suicidal behaviour are characteristic features†. However, in Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, and Audenaert, 2011, a case study conducted in 1999, identified three stages of Cotard’s syndrome. The first stage, germination stage, is characterized by important hypochondriac cenesthopathy and depressive mood. A diagnosis of Cotard’s syndrome cannot be made in this stage yet. In the blooming stage, the characteristic features of Cotard’s syndrome (nihilistic delusions, delusions of immorality together with anxiety and negativism) are seen. The last stage, the chronic stage is differentiated in two forms: one with persistent emotional disturbances (depressive type) and the second where depressive symptoms are less prominent (paranoid type) (as cited by Yamman, 1999). The two classifications described above have assisted in diagnosing of Cotard’s syndrome. The similar features displayed are nihilistic delusions, depressive mood, and anxiety. Analysis This syndrome does not affect a specific category of people. A study of 100 patients, revealed that â€Å"Cotard’s syndrome was diagnosed in 2 of 349 patients†¦taking into account only severely depressed older adult patients. In addition, the average of age of person studied was 52 years of age, however, the study also suggested that Cotard’s was occasionally described in children and adolescents (Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, Audenaert, 2009). Furthermore, according to Wani et al. , (2008), â€Å"this syndrome is typically related to depression and is mostly found in middle-aged or older people. In the analysis the following results were displayed: â€Å"depressive mood (89%), nihilistic delusions (69%), anxiety (65%), delusions of guilt (63%), delusions of immortality (55%), hypochondriac delusions (58%)† (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, and Audenaert, 2011). Diagnosis The diagnosis reveals a psychological and neurological aspect of Cotard’s syndrome. The â€Å"depersonalization phenomenon† as described in Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, and Audenaert, 2009, is referred to using German erminology leib (body for me) and korper (body as such), korper becomes more prominent than leib and the body less associated with the self (leib), depersonalization onset can then occur. However, in depersonalization, the patient feels as if he or she is dead (in difference of affect), whereas in Cotard’s syndro me, the patient is convinced that he or she is dead (lack of feeling). Cotard’s syndrome is often associated with parietal lobe lesions. Compared with controls, patients with Cotard’s syndrome have more brain atrophy in general and more median frontal lobe atrophy in particular. Cotard’s syndrome may be associated with multifocal brain atrophy and medial frontal lobe disease. Neurological assessments were performed and findings resulted in patients affected by â€Å"parietal brain dysfunction† and structural brain abnormalities. Recent discoveries have indicated that Cotard’s syndrome was associated with multifocal brain atrophy and interhemispheric fissure enlargement. The interhemispheric fissure enlargement means â€Å"parietal lobe lesions† (Joseph and O’Leary, 2011) or bending in the frontal and occipital regions and this abnormality also been observed in schizophrenic patients. Others have described and enlargement of the third and lateral ventricles. In one patient, the patient was diagnosed with a schizophrenia disorder and a left sided hypoperfusion in the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes. The medical term of hypoperfusion is defined as a â€Å"decreased blood flow through an organ† (Meriam-Webster, 2011). In addition, the patient experienced improvements of the inferior frontal and left hypoperfusion and there was evidence of decreased hyperprofusion of the left temporal lobe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (cited in Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, and Audenaert, 2009). Treatments There are several methods utilized to treat mental health struggles. A patient can seek professional assistance by psychology or psychiatry therapy and/or the utilization of medication. If you lived in the 16th century with any undefined mental disorder, you were considered as â€Å"possessed by the Devil† and cast away to some godforsaken monastery dungeon in which monks would constantly pray for and exorcise you. The Catholic Church they used a methodical guidebook to describe all behavioral aspects and associations of witchcraft, satanism, etc. nd utilized this upon people who were suffered with mental or behavioral maladies, and it was not commonly understood in the Medieval and Renaissance periods. In the medieval ages, they were burned because they thought demons haunted the mentally ill. In later years, we willfully experimented on them, cutting into their bodies and brains to â€Å"fix them†, this was called, trepanation. The â€Å"evidence of trepan ation has been found in prehistoric human remains from Neolithic times onward. Cave paintings indicate that people believed the practice would cure epileptic seizures, migraines, and mental disorders† (Wikipedia, 2011). It is really disgusting and is the major reason that even today it is to some a badge of humiliation instead of just an illness. Complete recovery may occur spontaneously and suddenly as onset of Cotard’s syndrome. There are several reports of successful pharmacological treatment of Cotard’s syndrome. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is considered an important treatment option in Cotard’s syndrome. It is noted, in Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, Audenaert, 2009, that young patients use of mood stabilizers should be considered because Cotard’s syndrome in this population is often part of a bipolar disorder. Successful treatment with ECT and the patient with underlying major depressive disorder resulted in recovery of left and right temporal hypoprofussion and normalization of profusion in the frontal cortex was reported after treatment with antidepressants (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, and Audenaert, 2011). Please be aware that people who have true mental illnesses do suffer. They want more than anything to be able to feel and function like other people and they will actively seek help. The reality is that certain medications and treatments help those who are suffering from these conditions. Conclusion Mental illness is not a modern invention. The mentally ill have been recognized in one form or another by every culture we have a record of. How they were perceived and what their value is what has largely changed. Some people do not retreat into their minds as much as they are supposed to, while others spend all their time there. What we eat and breathe and drink affects our health and our brain, and a healthy individual’s brain tends to have more to work with and develop all the right chemicals and nerve sheaths. A good parent with their strong sense of empathy realizes that their child is a thinking, growing human being and will always need that light touch that points them in the â€Å"right direction† and prevent them from getting â€Å"lost†. The right nature and nurturing are essential for a healthy development. Some cases of these disorders I believe could be a simple lack of the ingredients to solve this chemical imbalance. Given that our brain is constantly changing accordingly with the times, a chronic chemical imbalance quickly becomes more than just that, as the brain has grown and changed around this shortcoming. The kind of understanding you wish people had for those with mental disorders would be a universal understanding for all if people would look into themselves and observe their own thoughts and behaviors. We are our best test subjects since we have full access to all the â€Å"data†, and by observing ourselves totally (mentally, developmentally, chemically) we can apply our understanding to others and learn from the experience. People need to care about how people’s minds work in general, understanding â€Å"you guys† would come with the turf, and communication with our angry neighbors would be much more effective since we’d all see where everyone is coming from. Philosophers have long contemplated human happiness, and how to live a â€Å"good† life, in harmony with our own nature. The problem is that humans do not really know what makes them happy, and what they think will, or will not, and instead they find contempt and superficial pleasures they believe will satisfy them. As a result, some people will not live a good and peaceful life that satisfies the majority of people. The fact is not everyone needs medication, but there are those who do. Some need it temporarily, some for a lifetime. Some simply need therapy, and some benefit from dietary changes. I believe understanding is the highest ideal we should seek to attain. Understanding and being honest with ourselves about ourselves and applying our own understanding to others may help us see that we are not as different as we’d like to believe. I believe that sense of commonality with all human beings can generate empathy, compassion and ultimately peace in all of us. It is when we categorize each other, ourselves, and place value on those categories then we breed hatred, ignorance and fear. References Boyd, D. , Johnson, Paul, Bee, Helen (2009). Lifespan Development. (4th Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearsons Canada Inc. Cotard Syndrome. (2010). Disorders Central. Retrieved October 10, 2011, from http://www. disorderscentral. com/cotard-syndrome. html Debruyne, H. , Portzky, M. Peremans, K. , ; Audenaert, K. , (2011). Mind and Brain The Journal of Psychiatry. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from http://content. yudu. com/Library/A1t5r8/MindampBraintheJourn/resources/73. htm Debruyne, H. , Portzky, M. , Van den Eynde, F. , ; Audenaert, K. (2009). Cotard’s Syndrome: A Review. Current Psychiatry Reports. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from University of Calgary On-line Resources: http://www. springerlink. com. ezproxy. lib. ucal gary. ca/content/f43j790n7161432m/ Hypoperfusion. (2011). Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved November 5, 2011, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/medical/hypoperfusion Joseph AB, and O’Leary DH. (2011). Brain atrophy and interhemispheric fissure enlargement in Cotard’s syndrome. PubMed. gov. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/3759917 Purse, Marcia. (2011). Delusions. About. com. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from http://bipolar. about. com/od/definingbipolardisorder/g/gl_delusions. htm Purse, Marcia. (2006). Schizoaffective Disorder. About. com. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from http://bipolar. about. om/od/glossary/g/gl_schizoaffect. htm Sorrentino, Sheila A. , Wilk, Mary J. , and Newsmaster, Rosemary (2009). Mosby’s Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker. (2nd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Elsevier Canada Urban Dictionary. (1999-2011). Zombie. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://www. urbandictionary. com/define. php? term=zombie Wani, A. Z, Abdul, W. Khan, Aijaz, A. Babe, Hayat, A. Khan, Qurat-ul, A. Wan i, and Taploo, Rayneesa (2008). Cotard’s syndrome and delayed diagnosis in Kashmir, India. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. How to cite Walking Dead Syndrome, Papers

Bedtime Sleep Problems for Health Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Bedtime Sleep Problems for Health. Answer: Introduction: Bedtime sleep problems and crying episodes is common in infants and young children. The stress level of parents often increases due to their inability to manage sleep problems in their children. Children are often found to remain awake either for certain durations at night or they wake up frequently at nighttime. This symptom bedtime awakening and sleep problems come under the category of Behavioral insomnia of childhood and research has showed 20-30% prevalent rate of bedtime problems in infants and preschoolers. Parental presence is also a predictor of sleep disturbance and child temperament determined future sleep difficulties (Honaker and Meltzer 2014). Research also pointed out to the impact of breastfeeding practices in the problem of night awakening (Mindell et al., 2012). The adverse outcome of such problem in children includes poor daytime behavior, high BMI, decreased health related quality of life and injuries in children. Parents of such children were found to have poor p hysical health and mental peace (Honaker and Meltzer 2014). In the past year several behavioral interventions has been suggested that can be employed by parents to reduce night awakening in children and Rickert. and Johnson 1988 compared the efficacy of scheduled awakening and systematic ignoring intervention on reducing night awakening and crying episodes of children. The purpose of the report is to find other relevant articles related to the topic and appraise the research by Rickert and Johnson 1988 to decided which interventions should be funded. It also gives recommendation to ensure parents comply with the intervention easily without any resistance. Search strategy: The research study by Rickert and Johnson (1988) used randomized control study design to compare the effect of scheduled awakening and systematic ignoring on reducing nocturnal awakening crying episode in children. The research finally concluded that scheduled awakening is better than systematic ignoring to manage night awakening in children. However, to decided whether the intervention of scheduled awakening should be funded or not, it is necessary to review other research studies to analyze what has been covered in literature regarding the effectiveness of scheduled awakening for addressing night awakening in young children. The relevant research article relate to the topic is retrieved from the databases like CINAHL, Cochrane library, MedLine, Google scholar and PsychINFO. The search process was filtered by setting the date between 2008 to 2017. The inclusion criteria for taking the articles were all the articles must be published in English language and they must cover the interv ention related to nocturnal awakening in small children. The main search terms were nocturnal awakening, nocturnal awakening and crying episodes, interventions for nocturnal awakening and impact of scheduled awakening in addressing nocturnal awakening. The studies, which did not mentioned about any interventions related to the topic was not included. Literature search: The data collected from the literature search were tabulated by including the author name, date, journal sources, key findings and notes. The outcome of the literature search and key findings are as follows: Author(s) Year Journal (Source) Findings Note Galbiati et al. 2015 Behavioral neurology The study reviewed behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions for management of parasomnia. It reviewed many interventions and the results for scheduled awakening (Awaking the child before the onset of crying episode) was that the evidence regarding the effectiveness of this intervention was very weak. Although scheduled awakening intervention is a low risk intervention, however special attention should be given not to make children sleep deprived. Sarah, Hayley, and Hauck 2016 Children The research evaluated the reasons for parents resistance of sleep extinction interventions which emphasized on ignoring childs cry for a certain period. The findings of the research showed that parents concern regarding such interventions has not been investigated and there is no negative impact on parents or children in the long term. The study indicated that sleep extinction interventions are successful in eliminating night waking episodes, however as many parents disagree to such interventions, other choices must be provided to them. In general, behavioral sleep interventions are effective in bringing significant change in children Meltzer Mindell 2014 Journal of pediatric psychology All evidence regarding behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia was reviewed in this study and the study results showed that behavioral treatment improves certain sleep related parameters such as sleep-onset latency, night awakening frequency and night awakening duration. However, moderated level of evidence is present regarding and more work is needed to validate the finding The study provided support for interventions like scheduled awakening, bedtime fading and scheduled awakening however there was lack of evidence to prove it as well established intervention Fehr, Russ. and Ievers-Landis 2016. 2016 Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology This research evaluated the effectiveness of including cognitive behavioral play intervention with parent behavior management to address sleeping difficulty in children. The intervention was found to reduce anxiety and stress in children. Randomized study is needed to establish the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral play intervention Tikotzky Sadeh 2010 Sleep medicine The research evaluated the role of cognitive-behavioral therapy in behavioral childhood insomnia and results gave support regarding the positive effect of the intervention on addressing sleep problem The study mentioned about ignoring the childs cry and leaving them so that they fall sleep and randomized controlled studies proved it beneficial for treating night waking problem. In addition, scheduled awakening was given less favour because parents do not comply with the procedur. Critical appraisal: The critical appraisal of the Rickert and Johnson (1988) work has been done by the application of RCT CASP tool and the results are as follows: Screening Question Focussed issue in trail: For analyzing any randomized controlled trial (RCT), it is necessary that the paper has clear statement regarding the population studied, intervention provided , comparator analysed and the outcome considered. Rickert. and Johnson (1988) stated the purpose of study by giving the clear statement regarding studying the effectiveness of scheduled awakening (intervention) and systematic ignoring (comparator) on reducing nocturnal awakening crying episode (outcome) in toddlers and infants (population studied). This statement clearly defined the focused issue in trial. Randomization of patients to treatment: As RCT studies mainly compares the effect of an intervention on treatment group and control group, it is critical to prevent biasness in study findings by means of randomization to treatment and allocation concealment. This means that the person involved in randomizing patients to different group should not be aware about the next treatment allocation. This is done by keeping a randomization code. This may be either unique code or explicit codes (Dettori 2010). Rickert and Johnson (1988) selected 33 children between 6 months to 54 months and the children were randomly assigned to the different condition. Different groups included control groups, systematic ignoring group and scheduled awakening group. Hence, it is seen that explicit randomized coding approach has been used to minimize bias and confounding factors in the study. Consideration of all patients till conclusion: A common limitation seen in RCT studies is that researchers fail to follow up with the participants after the implementation of intervention. This affects the strength and validity of the trial. Attrition effects occur because failure to follow up results in missing important data at one point or another. This form of attrition effect is seen in RCT study comparing nocturnal awakening and scheduled awakening (Dumville et al. 2006). This was seen because earlier 50 children were included in the study, but 17 children dropped out in between the study. However, the researcher focused on reducing the attrition effects by instructing all parents not to parents not to implement any treatment if their child was ill. This also reflects that follow up was kept regarding illness in any child in between the research. The attrition effect was further minimized by extending the treatment for those child who fell sick between the study. Therefore, total treatment days in the study was 5 days and i t was modified for those who child who fell ill (Rickert and Johnson 1988). Detailed Question Blinding to treatment: Blinding is another approach to minimize biasness and increase the vigour of study. This is done by process to ensure that no one, neither the participants not the research analyst is aware of the allocation of groups treatment. Based on the number of individuals from whom allocation is concealed, it is classified into single blind and double blinding. The more number of persons are blinded, the better is the assessment of study results (Karanicolas et al., 2010). While analyzing Rickert and Johnson (1988), it has been found that single blinding was done to enhance the research analysis process. For example, all participants were randomized to three treatment conditions and participants got to know about their assigned group only after the data related to the daily schedule of awakening was collected from each participants. The randomization to treatment group was also done by predetermining the group for each family before the home visit. The process of blinding is also understood f rom another research articles which aimed to determine the long benefits or harms of infant behavioral sleep programs on child, child and parent; and maternal outcomes. In that study, single blinding was seen however here the allocation was concealed from the researchers and not the parents unlike the above study (Price et al., 2012). Similarity of the group at the start of the trial Similarity of the group at the start of the trial is determined by researchers consideration to maintain the same baseline data for the participants. Having similar baseline variables for all participants is also important this also has an impact of study results. Baseline variable is related to age, education, social class or disease severity in participants. Adjustment in baseline variables provides protection against chance bias (Higgins et al. 2011). The equality in baseline variable was maintained by Rickert and Johnson (1988) by recruiting children between 5 to 54 months only. However, similarity in family type was not seen as single parent families and two parents both were taken for the trial. Different in terms of demographic variables was also seen because subjects came from small towns and cities too. This may also give a prediction regarding the impact of sociocultural variable on child crying and nocturnal awakening problem. In another research study, the main focus was on including participants based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as it aimed to evaluate strategies for improving sleep problems in children with ADHD. This helped to balance baseline data for the study (Hiscock et al., 2015). Equal treatment of groups Equal treatment of participants groups is determined by researchers consideration regarding the factors that will influence the performance of one group from another. In the study by Rickert and Johnson (1988), three groups of participants were present and equality in treatment was done by maintaining separate data for those children for became ill. As illness in any child would have impact of crying episodes and nocturnal awakening, this data was deleted and length of treatment was extended for such group. This ensures that no biased data is collected and it enhanced the validity of the research work. Result Treatment effect Treatment effect is related to the key outcomes measured and the comparison in mean outcomes between treatment group and control group. Rickert and Johnson (1988) analyzed the difference in all group by conducting one way analysis of variance for all groups on the basis of baseline data such age and frequency of crying and awakening episodes. The benefits of this approach was that it helped to conclude that mean number of night awakening and crying episodes was the same for all groups before the interventions. Post the intervention, the main outcome variable that was measured included number of spontaneous awakening and crying episodes. Among all groups, children in systematic ignoring group was found to have lesser number of awakening in the past 8 weeks. However, difference in awakening for systematic ignoring group was found only in week 3. Finally, in term of treatment effect, it was find that main effects for group did not achieved statistical significance. An effect was found o nly for a week, which was small. The research study by Hiscock et al. (2014) also analyzed the treatment effect by evaluating different between groups at follow up and no differential effects were found for infants who were first born or later born. Preciseness of the treatment effect The width of the confidence interval determines the preciseness of the treatment effects. In the study comparing systematic ignoring and scheduled awakening, it was found that the treatment effect was large. This is because wide variability were found in control group after reviewing the scatterplot analysis. Another research article evaluating prevention program for infant sleep and cry problems analysed the study results by calculations of confidence interval (Hiscock et al. 2014). Application Of Results Locally Application of the result in the local population The validity and reliability of any research is understood if the outcome of the results can be easily applied in the local setting. From the analysis of study result, it was found that both systematic ignoring and scheduled awakening yielded positive outcome for children. The study showed that systematic ignoring gives better and faster outcomes compared to scheduled awakening which is effective but a slow process. Although there is empirical evidence supporting systematic ignoring for reducing night awakening in children, however this intervention cannot be locally applied. This is because majority of parents resist the idea of letting their child cry it out and leaving them alone. Hence, to apply this locally, parents needed to be taught about the strategies to ignoring the childs cry. Therefore, scheduled awakening is most likely to be applied in local setting when parents are unwilling to let their child cry out. However, one work that is needed before implementing it is to iden tify better strategies for effectively implementing it in community setting (Tikotzky Sadeh 2010). Consideration of clinically important outcomes The main target of Rickert and Johnson (1988) to bring changes in childs outcome of crying and night awakening, however as such issues increases stress level and health of children, it was necessary to consider such clinical outcomes too. However, the researcher considered only the frequency of night awakening and not other clinical outcomes such as health of child and parents after the intervention. This is the limitation of the study and future research work in this area is required. Value of research Overall, the benefit of the research is high because the author efficiently presented the pros and cons in each intervention. Secondly, considering the level of acceptance of each intervention in local setting, the researcher also suggested the areas where more work is needed so that parents as well as other groups can easily implement this intervention. Conclusion: The main purpose of this report was to analyze whether the intervention of scheduled awakening or systematic ignoring should be funded or not. Based on critical appraisal of the research articles by Rickert and Johnson (1988) and comparing it with similar peer reviewed journals, it has been found that scheduled awakening is a beneficial intervention based on its influence on addressing sleep problems and level of acceptability among parents. Hence, this interventions should definitely be funded and investment should be done to train clinicians regarding effective way in which this intervention can be applied in children. 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